Cool Space Taxi Design

Last week Boeing released some press release photos of the CST-100 manned space capsule, part of Boeing's bid to win NASA's 'taxi' contract, and has been going through development for a number of years. 


Tests for this design are set to begin by the beginning of 2017, with possible manned flights occurring as early as a few months after. Whether its this design or the other two competitors that NASA chooses however, they'd better hope that they act quickly.

Since the Space Shuttle was mothballed in 2011, the ISS project has relied upon the Russians for their rockets and transport vehicle to reach their destination, but in light of US sanctions leveled at Russia for what's going on in Ukraine at the moment, Russia has hit back by announcing that it will only be supplying its rocket engines to the US for civilian uses. Even more concerning however is the Kremlin's announcement that it will only be supporting the ISS until 2020, stating "After 2020 we would like to use those resources on other promising space projects." 

In any case, ESA and NASA contractors were working on being self-reliant before Russia's tantrum anyway, and the ISS won't even be going much longer than 2020 as its expected it will be demolished by around 2028. The truth is, commercial space flight is the future anyway, which can only be a good thing in the long run because it encourages growth in research and development companies, which in turn will bring more technological advances and more feasible options. SpaceX has already delivered cargo to the ISS with their dragon craft.

And look how much more exciting private space travel can look!

The 787 interior looks remarkably similar.

Its strange that Boeing has decided to create a cabin with the same design language as their new dreamliner passenger aircraft.
So what's interesting about this is that designers are beginning to think about the way a space utility vehicle looks like on the inside. This perhaps suggests that the designers see a future where style and comfort is important, and this could in part be due to realisation of a future in space tourism. Of course it could simply be a part of their marketing strategy to keep their designs uniform, a tactic most car manufacturers do.

In any case, this craft looks quite wicked, and at the very least it will no doubt treat astronauts with a few home comforts instead of the usual factory standard image. 

Mars: Mankind's Ancestral Home

You may be forgiven for believing the title of this article is a little strange and perhaps misleading, but seeing as within the next few decades mankind could be sending a manned mission to Mars for the first time, these are the sort of profound questions we could very well find ourselves confronted with.

Evidence seems to point towards an Earthlike past
on Mars.

So you may well be wondering how Mars could be the ancestral home for life here on Earth. Well, it's a theory and nothing more, but it does have some evidence backing the the case, and that's more than enough to pique some interest.

Over the last few years, the data collected by NASA's Martian Rovers has continued to shed light on the conditions that were present on the red planet before it became a desert. The hypothesis that Mars was once a wet and warm environment have largely been proven correct. All evidence seems to be pointing towards the idea that Mars once had a water cycle almost identical to what Earth's is today, where water from Glaciers formed rivers and flowed into great oceans.

Liquid water is of course one of the biggest give ways that life may have existed on Mars at some point in the past, but it is not the only scrap of evidence that supports the theory. Within the dry Martian landscape where great rivers and lakes once existed, the Martian rovers have discovered that within the ancient clay lies complex minerals such as magnesium and boron, essential for the building of RNA and DNA. Through the rover's on board lab it also appears as though the water had a neutral PH balance, and this would have most likely provided a habitable environment for basic microbes.


The only issue with the idea of life originating on Mars is that if life did evolve there, it would have had to have acted quite quickly as it is thought that it's atmosphere was lost quite rapidly after the planets formation. The atmosphere seems to have been lost mainly due to it's small size when compared with Earth. Its smaller size meant that its internal temperature cooled quickly, causing the loss of its liquid magma core. This loss of a free-flowing inner core meant that the Martian magnetosphere was severely impaired, exposing it's atmosphere to the full onslaught of the solar winds. Over many years, these solar winds stripped the planet of it's atmosphere and thus, the water once abundant on the surface was lost to space. There are also other theories about how the Martian magnetosphere was lost by quick successful asteroid strikes, rock absorption of gases or a combination of all of these.

Looking at a 3D elevation map of Mars, you can see how
the lack of craters at the lowest points could easilygather evidence for a Wet Martian past. 

So despite evidence suggesting that conditions were at the very least possibly favourable to life's development, what connects life on Earth with that of Mars, and how could Mars be our ancestral home?
The answer lies with a theory called 'Panspermia'. Whilst the name sounds like it something to do with ejaculating on faces of more than one person at a time, it is actually a theory that life is seeded throughout the cosmos by pigging backing on space rock and ice to new destinations. Whilst the theory has very little concrete evidence, many in the Scientific community such as Stephen Hawking believe that it could be a viable answer, and there are some signs which suggest that it has some truth to it.

The evidence about life beginning on Mars comes from an asteroid known lovingly ALH84001, found in Antarctica in 1984, it still remains a hot subject amongst scientists and the public alike. The reason for the interest comes from small 'fossils' which were found embedded in the rock which resemble basic lifeforms, and considering this rock has reportedly come from Mars over 15 million years ago (the rock having been formed 4 billion years ago during the Martian wet period) it is certainly interesting to consider the possibility that life throughout the cosmos is abundant, and strangely, mobile.

Mars is considerably smaller than Earth, and is
the main reason for its sterile environment.

This however is not even the most interesting aspect. There is a study which has worked out that approximately one billion tons of Martian rock has arrived here on Earth since the two planets formed, and out of those, many of those reach their destination between the two planets within twelve months.

Oddly, the asteroid sample from ALH84001 was found to have not heated internally during entry into Earth's atmosphere. As the rock became superheated externally, the metallic components inside the rock actually created a mini-magneto effect which shielded the rest of the rock from the intense heat internally. If a extremophile organism was present inside a Martian meteorite then, it is quite conceivable that it would have survived the relatively short journey from Mars to either begin life or diversify basic microbes here on Earth.

In this study it suggests that rocks coming from Mars to Earth may have been a regular occurrence over the solar systems history (Earth rocks making a Mars bound journey would have been much more difficult due to Earth's greater gravitation influence.) We also have to accept that Mars would have settled and cooled sufficiently much quicker than Earth after formation, giving life a bit of time to get ready to make the journey here, adding yet another logical point to this idea. Scientists have however now begun to look into the Martian dryness as a sign that life may have started there. Confused? In short, certain elements in the cocktail of ingredients needed to create life actually need dry conditions to form. Although Mars was generally a wet planet in its early conception, there were large parts of dry desert too, and this is where many of those fundamental elements were cooked up. Now there is evidence to suggest that those elements could not have existed here on Earth early on, which goes against the timeline in life's first appearance here.

Last year many newspapers and news outlets ran the story about the possibility of Mars being our ancestral home (have a read of the BBC, National Geographic ones,) but this doesn't explain where life came from on Mars first either. There are two other interesting things to consider which back this Panspermia idea, which does not have anything to do with Mars. Firstly is the discovery of sugar in space, with news reports back in 2012 reporting that they were abundant around young sun-like stars, it may indicate that life may simply be a normal component in a solar systems creation (sugar is a major building block in RNA.) Secondly is an idea which has been ripped off from an idea originally applied to technology, 'Moore's Law'. It was suggested last year that by working backwards in complexity, life ought to be ten billion years old, if of course it increased in complexity in any organised manor. (Which it probably doesn't.) All things considered however, it is interesting that science is now beginning to take the idea of life being seeded here as a serious concept.

The 'fossils' as seen inside the Martian asteroid
sample.

In conclusion then, we may all very well have Martian ancestors, who came here on the back of a meteorite after a violent explosion on the red planets surface. At the moment, although there are no ways to prove these theories, it does resonate with a certain degree of logic that life acts on a cosmic scale in much the same way that life does here on Earth. In fact it would not be at all surprising to me at all if extremophile organism's actually exist out there on comets etc, with their entire purpose being simply to find other planetary bodies to deposit life onto. 

Life very well may actually see itself, strangely, as a single organism, navigating the universe the best it can through trial and luck.

Welcome!

The Dawn of Apsis!

Goodbyes are always hard, but hello's can be even more difficult.

If I'm honest with myself, I know that it can take up to a year before a new blog gets regular readership, so I could pretty much waffle on about whatever I felt like on this first introductory post.

I guess it would be helpful at this point to inform potential readers what Apsis is all about then, rather than writing utter bollocks for half an hour, so here goes. Apsis is devoted mainly to science and technology related news, with space in particular. (When I say technology, I actually mean breakthroughs which can or are assisting mankind, not the latest overpriced 'iCrap' device.)

That said, important UK national and international current affairs will be brushed upon as will important stories from history and some more esoteric thinking and ideas. We'll also be interested in raising money for charitable organisations, and you'll find we are big on animal welfare and conservation too. In short, whatever we write our ambition is to make it informative, interesting and fun, if it wasn't why would we bother writing it!?

There isn't much else that can be said at the moment, so thanks for the interest, and do us a favour by checking back in a short while when we hopefully will have something worth reading for you.